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brigdesintroduction- lan may require to cover more distance than the media can handle effectively or- number of stations may perhaps be too great for
sonet frame transaction transmitted one subsequent to another without any gap in betweenfirst 2 bytes - alignment bytesf628 in hex - define the
sonet devicessts mux or dmux either multiplexes signals from multiple sources into an sts or demultiplexes an sts into different destination
fddi mediaclass b or sas single-attachment stations attach to one ring class a or das dual attachment stations attach to both ringssass is attached
what is primary and secondary ring one of the two fddi rings is known as the primary ring the other is called the secondary ringthe primary ring is
what is multi-mode fibermulti-mode fiber uses leds like the light-generating devices while single-mode fiber generally uses lasersfddi specifies the
what is single-mode fibersingle-mode fiber is competent of higher bandwidth and greater cable run distances than multi-mode fiberfor the reason that
fddi mediafddi signifies a 100 mbps token-passing dual-ring lan that uses a fiber-optic transmission mediumeven though it operates at faster speeds
explain asynchronous fddiasynchronous bandwidth is allocated utilizing an eight-level priority scheme every station is assigned an asynchronous
synchronoussynchronous traffic is able to consume a portion of the 100 mbps total bandwidth of an fddi network while asynchronous traffic can consume
fragmentation- wireless environment is very noisy- corrupt frames must be retransmitted- large frames must be divided into smaller ones to increase
carrier sense multiple accesscollision avoidancea necessary since wireless lans cannot implement csmacdb collision detection requires increased
q explain full duplex data transmission- have two separate communication channels as well as use each one for simplex data traffic in different
80211g ofdm a uses ofdm with same 24 ghz bandb achieves a 54-mbps data ratec works with same 80211b
80211b hr dsss a high-rate dsss using a 24 ghz bandb similar to dsss excluding for encoding methodc uses complementary code keying cck encoding 4 or
80211a ofdma orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing utilizing a 5-ghz bandb same as fdm except all sub bands are used by only one source at a
q calculate utilization percentage of the link- system stop and wait arq- bandwidth 1mbps- round trip for one bit 20ms- frame length 1000
q explain about bandwidth ndash delay productbandwidth - delay product - a measure of competence of arq system bandwidth bits per second round-trip
selective repeat arq - processing at the receiver additionally complex- the window size is reduced to 2m-1 2m2 at most- both the transmitter as well
q show the drawbacks of go-back-ndrawbacks of go-back-n - inefficient- every out of order received packets are discarded receiver side is simplified-
station typesno-transition mobility moreover stationary or moving only inside a bssbss-transition mobility is able to move from one bss to another
80211 architectureess extended service set two or more bsss with aps connected through a distribution system wired lan in an infrastructure
q illustrate go back - n protocolgo back - n - sender window size lt 2m- receiver window size 1- why the names go back- n- when the frame is spoilt
q illustrate about sliding window protocols- sliding window- keeps the unacknowledged outstanding frames in sender- keeps the expected frames in
switch in a physical ring configuration any disabled or else disconnected node can disable the entire network use of a switch can permit the ring to