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q observations of high level language programobservations integer constants appeared nearly as frequently as structures or arrays most of the scalars
with the increasing use of more and higher level languages manufacturers had offered more powerful instructions to support them it was claimed that a
q code density and smaller faster programsmemory was very expensive in older computer so there was a need of less memory utilization which is it was
q explain microcode and vlsi technologyit is considered that cu of a computer be assembled using two ways create micro-program which execute
in the past there was a large gap between speed of a memory andprocessor so a subroutine execution for an instruction for illustration floating point
q show various risc processorsrisc has fewer design bugs and its simple instructions decrease design time sodue to all the above important reasons
q show the importance of risc processorsreduced instruction set computers recognize a comparatively limited number of instructions one benefit of a
the goal of computer architects is to design computers that are cheaper and more powerful than their predecessors a cheaper computer has low hardware
q decoding of slightly encoded micro-instructionsgenerally micro-programmed control unit designs are neither totally unencoded nor highly encoded
highly encoded micro-instructions encoded bits required in micro-instructions are small it provided an aggregated view that is a higher view of cpu
unencoded micro-instructions one bit is required for each control signal so number of bits needed in a micro-instruction is high it represents a
q characteristics of extreme unencoded micro-instructions1 two sources can be attached by respective control signals to a single destination though
the micro-instruction cycle can comprises two basic cycles the fetch and execute here in the fetch cycle address of micro-instruction is produced and
q explain types of micro-instructionsin general micro-instruction can be classifiedin two general kinds these are non-branching and branching after
q instruction of a micro-programa micro-instruction is an instruction of a micro-program it specifies one or more than one micro-operations that can
micro-instructions are stored in control memory address register for control memory comprises the address of subsequent instruction which is to be
q explain about interrupt cycleon completion of execute cycle the current instruction execution gets completed at this point a test is made to
q illustrate the execute cyclethe fetch and indirect cycles include a small fixed sequence of micro-operations every one of these cycles has fixed
q explain indirect cycle in control unitonce an instruction is fetched the subsequent step is to fetch the operands the instruction may have indirect
q explain the fetch cyclethe beginning of every instruction cycle is the fetch cycle and causes an instruction tobe fetched from memory the
q how are control signals achieve the particular operationthe control signals are applied directly as binary inputs to the logic gates of the logic
control signals from control bus a number of the control signals are provided to control unit by the control bus these signals are issued from
q explain about instruction register and flagsthe instruction register it comprises the operation code opcode and addressing mode bits of the
q what is master clock signal in control unitthe master clock signal this signal causes micro-operations to be executed in a square in a single clock
q make an instruction execution feasiblewhat are the functions that a control unit performs to make an instruction execution feasible instruction