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q conditions necessary for outbreak of botulismthe following conditions are necessary for an outbreak of botulism1 presence of spores of c
the types of foods involved in botulism vary according to food preservation and eating habits in different regions any food that is conducive to
q wound botulismit is the rarest form of botulism the illness results when c botulinum by itself or with other microorganisms infects a wound and
in infant botulism viable botulinal spores are ingested and upon germination in the intestinal tract toxin is synthesized it is confined to infants
adult botulism the symptoms of botulism may develop between 12 and 72 hours after the ingestion of toxin containing foods symptoms include nausea
clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic gram-positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria that produces the potent neurotoxin the organism and its spores
why is it advantageous to have weak hydrogen bonds among complementary bases and strong covalent bonds among phosphate and deoxyribose groups in a
how is dna replication related to cancercancer can result when errors happen in the replication of dna in genes that control how a cell divides a
fumonisinsthe most recently characterized mycotoxins of any major significance in human health are the fumonisins produced by species of fusarium
why is it significant that exact copies of dna are produced during replicationproducing exact copies make sure that when a cell divides the offspring
q strain of fusarium moniliformeit was first obtained from a strain of fusarium moniliforme isolated from southern leaf blight- damaged corn seed
zearalenone it was first isolated as the agent responsible for vulvovaginitis in pigs has very little acute toxicity but there should be some concern
q what is deoxynivalenoldeoxynivalenol don is a far more common but much less toxic trichothecene and is produced by species such as f graminearum
another important genus of mycotoxin producers is fusarium many species of which produce members of the trichothecene family of mold metabolites like
these mycotoxins are structurally and biologically related to the aflatoxins and like the latter they cause hepatocarcinogenic activity in animals
why is complementary base pairing important in dna structure complementary base pairing is important because the hydrogen bonds between the bases
if 15 of the nucleotides in a dna molecule contain guanine what percentage of the nucleotides having each of the other three bases describe your
what are the three parts of a dna nucleotide and how are they connected to each otherthe three types are a deoxyribose sugar a phosphate group and a
why is an s strain of bacteria able to cause disease in mammals but a r strain is notthe slippery capsule stops the cells of the defence system from
some animals such as cows normally make only one offspring from each mating if a cow showed a dominant phenotype why would a typical testcross be a
how would mendels observations and conclusions have been dissimilar if many of the characteristics he studied such as seed color and seed texture had
explain how the events of meiosis account for the law of segregation and the law of independent assortmentin meiosis the two alleles of every gene
what are one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared with sexual reproduction the benefit of asexual reproduction is that
q control of aflatoxincontrol because aflatoxins are potentially widespread in occurrence and have an insidious combination of acute and chronic
how do the products of meiosis i differ from those of meiosis ii in meiosis i the offspring cells are haploid but every cell contains two copies of