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examination is begun by placing the transducer in left parasternal region usually in the third or fourth left intercostal space from this position
patient positioning the patient should be in the left lateral position as this brings the heart into contact with chest wall the
a lot of hemodynamic information including maximum and mean velocity maximum and mean pressure gradients and pressure half time can be obtained from
various structures are seen in two-dimensional planes hence mental conceptualization is still required because the heart is three-dimensional now
provides one dimensional ice pick view of the heart only provides information with respect to the distance of each object from the transducer and
closed mitral valvotomy this has been 1-eplaced by balloon mitral valvotomy bmv in most centres it is done in cases of either pure mitral
echocardiography is a very important tool in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and is used virtually in all categories of cardiovascular
echocardiography utilizes principle of ultrasound for visualization of heart and great vessels it uses sound in the frequency of 1-10 mhz as
echocardiography is one of the -most frequently used imaging modalities for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases it is versatile and is applicable
the heart is enclosed in a membranous sac called the pericardium it has two layers- the fibrous pericardium which is the outer layer and the serous
the arterial supply is by the right and left coronary arteries in the event of sudden block of one artery the area of myocardium supplied by that
the mitral valve has an anterior and a posterior cusp the anterior cusp is larger and is attached on the upper right part of the margin of the left
the interior of the right atrium has a rough anterior part the atrium proper and a smooth part called the sinus venarum also it has an appendage
in this unit you have learnt that heart is a muscular organ situated in thorax covering with pericardium and consist of four chambers ie right atrium
other complications bioprosthetic valves have a tendency for degeneration calcification or cusp perforation current models have overcome many of
pulmonary valve is surface marked at the sternal end of the left 3rd costal cartilage aortic valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the
haemolysis mechanical valves bioprosthetic valves as well as valves repaired with annuloplasty rings may cause haemolysis and related anaemia
connect point a and d by line which is convex to the left the left border is formed by the left ventricle except at its upper end which is formed by
the upper border of the hearta mark a point on the lower border of the left second costal cartilage 12 cm away from the sternal marginb mark
valve thrombosis valve thrombosis causes sudden deterioration of the patients haemodyarnics a stuck valve may produce both stenosis and
other complications of prosthetic valves one of the dreaded complications of mitral valve replacement is ventricular rupture it is difficult to
the heart is drained by vessels that travel in the interventricular and atrioventricular grooves one set runs in the anterior part of the
infective endocarditis all patients with prosthetic valve come under the high-risk category for endocarditis they need prophylactic antibiotics
the left coronary artery arises from the left posterior aortic sinus it runs to the left behind the pulmonary trunk and appears between left auricle