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systolic heart failure is a classic heart failure where the inotropic contractile state is impaired and the expulsion of blood is not adequate so the
most forms of cardiac diseases like hypertension valvular diseases and coronary artery diseases manifest as low output heart failure systemic
tunnel subvalvar stenosis this variety is less common and extends from sub aortic area for a variable length of 10-30 mms tunnel stenosis in the
when the syndrome sets in at a rapid rate before the compensatory mechanisms become operative acute heart failure develops the examples are acute
the various types and their description of heart failure are as follows left sided versus right sided heart failure predominantly left sided
there are three natriuretic peptides-atrial anp stored mainly in the atrium brain bnp stored mainly in the ventricular myocardium and c-natriuretic
congenital discrete subvalver stenosis the abstraction could be fibrous or fibro muscular it could be anywhere from just below the aortic cusps upto
acquired aortic stenosis a rheumatic in developing countries rheumatic aortic valve disease is more common than degenerative one mitral valve
the long term adaptive mechanisms involve myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling which occurs slowly over weeks to monthsthe capacity of these
the adaptive mechanisms may be short term ones which come into play within minutes or hours of the onset of myocardial dysfunction these
congenital aortic stenosis the valve may be unicuspid bicuspid or tricuspid rarely it is a dome shaped diaphragm uni commissural aortic stenosis
systemic infectionserious infections increase total body metabolism and thus impose hemodynamic burden on the heart increased heart rate associated
types of aortic stenosis obstruction to left ventricular outflow is commonly at the valvar level less commonly it is at the sub valvar or supra
in patients with coronary artery disease an acute coronary syndrome event can precipitate heart failure mitral regurgitation occurring as a result of
it is important to recognise underlying causes and precipitating factors of heart failure for its appropriate management that would also help in
mixed mitral stenosis and regurgitationthe most common cause for a combined lesion is rheumatic very rarely it could be of congenital origin
it is a clinical syndrome wherein heart fails to pump blood at a rate required by the tissues of the body or it can do so only with an elevated
alfieri repair this is advised for ischaenlic mitral regurgitation in the area of prolapse the anterior and posterior leaflet edges are approximated
the normal flow pattern cross-mitral valve is a tall e wave where is due to early rapid filling and small a-wave which is due to atrial
anterior leaflet procedure repair is more difficult and less successful previously a triangular excision of the anterior leaflet used to be done for
diastolic dysfunction is responsible for one third of cases of heart failure alone and rest two third of cases in combination with
carpentier edwards or similar annuloplasty ring is then sutured into place by interrupted sutures to support the repair and reduce the annulus to a
rap can be determined semiquantitatively by assessing collapse of the inferior vena cava during inspiration the inferior vena cava is imaged
padp may be determined by measuring the end diastolic velocity ofpadp 4 v2pulmonary regurgitant signal and applying the following formula v is
posterior leaflet in the posterior leaflet a quadrangular excision of the sector involved in the prolapse is done this may be up to 15-20 per cent of