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interrupt tableeach interrupt level has a booked memory location called an interrupt vector all these vectors or pointers are stored in the
software interruptssoftware interrupts are the result of an int instruction in an executed program it may be assumed as a programmer triggered
external hardware-interruptsexternal hardware-interrupts are generated by controllers of external devices or coprocessors and are connected to the
internal hardware-interruptsinternal hardware-interrupts are the outcome of sure situations that occur during the execution of a program for example
interruptwhen the cpu detects an interrupt signal it stops activity of current and jumps to a special routine known an interrupt handler this handler
display control8279 provides a 16 byte display memory and refresh logic every address in the display memory
hand shaking handshaking or 2-way handshaking is 1 type of strobe operation it typically involves 2 handshaking lines an output line to denote when
port mapped io or io mapped ioio devices are mapped into a separate address space this is generally accomplished by having a different set of signal
memory mapped iomemory io devices are mapped into the system memory map with rom and ram to access a hardware device simply write or read
physical memory mapped io and port io cpu controlled io comes in 2 ways simply the difference is whether we utilize the normal memory addresses for
io interfaceio devices such as displays and keyboards establish communication of computer with outside world devices may be interfaced in
cache controllerthe cache controller is the mind of the cache its responsibilities include performing the snarfs and snoops updating
cache componentsthe cache sub-system may be divided into 3 functional blocks tag ram sram and thecache controller in real designs these blocks can be
write policya write policy determines how the cache deals with a write cycle the 2 common write policies arewrite-throughand write-back in write-back
read architecture look throughmain memory that located is conflicting the system interface the least concerning feature of this cache unit is that it
read architecture look aside cachein look aside cache architecture the main memory is located conflictingthe system interface both the cache main
general terms for cache cache hits when the cache consisted the information requested the transaction is said to be a cache hitcache miss when the
cache memorycaching is a technology based on the memory subsystem of any computer the majoraim of a cache is to accelerate the computer while keeping
the addressing modes for the sequential control transfer instructions are described below 1 immediate immediate data is a part of instructionin
addressing mode of 8086 addressing mode specify a way of locating operands or data depending on the data types used the memory addressing
pointer and index registersthe pointers contain offset within the specific segments the pointers bp ip and sp generally containoffsets within thedata
segment registersthe 8086 addresses a segmented memory unlike 8085 the complete 1 megabyte memory which 8086 is capable to address is divided into 16
register organization of 80868086 has a great set of registers containing special purpose and general purpose
comparison between 8086 and 8088all the changes in 8088 above 8086 are indirectly or directly related to the 8-bit 8085 compatible data and control
pin functions for the minimum mode operation of 8086 are following1 mio -memoryio this is a status line logically equivalent to s2 in maximum mode