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it describes the behaviour of a collection of a particle ne with gives energy through nealpha exp-ektwhere k is boltzmann constant. it can be
one of the most important theorems in the quantum physics in the pauli exclusion principle which is based on the experiment observations. the
it is suitable for growing semi-conductively alloys like gallium arsenide. a typical arrangement is furnished with an induction heater that provides
the fabrication of discrete and integrated circuit solid state devices requires semiconductor crystals with impurity concentrations as low as
the semiconductor material is refined through a process is known as zone refining. it is used for the production of high purity crystals silicon for
their conductivity lies between conductor and insulator. their resistivity is usually high and temperature coefficient of resistance is always
semiconductor is solid material whose electrical conductivity at room temperature lies between conductivity of a conductor and that of an
their resistivity is very low and temperature coefficient of resistance is not constant. these are materials with unfilled or overlapping energy
it contains 35- 90 nickels. higher is the nickel content higher is the permeability and lower is the magnetic saturation of the alloy. mn co and mo
these materials are used for permanent magnet manufacturing because of their low cost and their low weight. it consists of low iron oxide in
alnico is a family of alloys containing metals fe co and ni plus small amount of al and copper. these alloys are directionally solidified and
these are non-metallic compounds consisting of ferric oxide and one or two bivalent metal oxides such as nio mno. these have resistivity of the order
since pure iron is limited because its high eddy current losses by incorporating small quantities of other elements in iron good magnetic
the term pure iron is meant a ferrous material with an extra low carbon content for example low carbon steel and electrolytic iron. in low carbon
magnetic materials are divided in terms of their magnetic properties and their applications. if a material is effortlessly magnetized and
ferromagnetic materials get magnetic properties not only because their atoms owns a magnetic moment but also because the material consists of small
if we have to strain a ferromagnetic crystal along certain direction we would change the inter atomic spacing not only along this direction but
ferromagnetic materials exhibit magnetic behaviour similar to ferromagnetism below a critical temperature known as curie temperatures. above which it
the first question one might ask about ferromagnetic material is the source of the large magnetism. the saturation magnetization is so large
anti ferromagnetic materials such as chromium have a small but positive susceptibility. they cannot possess any magnetization is the absence of an
when you think of magnetic materials you possibly think of nickel iron or magnetite. distinct to paramagnetic materials the atomic moments in these
in the case of materials some of the atoms or ions in the material have a net magnetic due to unpaired electrons in partially filled orbits. however
diamagnetism is a basic property of all matter though it is generally very weak. it is due to the no cooperative behaviour of oepenrbiting electrons
consider a current loop where the circulating current is i. this may be for an example of a coil carrying a current. we will assume that the
it is the demagnetising force which is necessary to neutralize completely the magnetism in the magnetism material after the external magnetic field