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forcesif a force is applied to a body it will cause that body to move a body that is already moving will change its speed or direction note
the idea that everything is made up of very small particles has been developed over many years supported by several experiments
an atom of argon18 protons 19 neutrons is ionised by the removal of two orbiting electrons q how many protons and neutrons are there in this
advantages of fibre opticsfibre-optic communications systems have a large bandwidth eg 1 ghz the bandwidth is the maximum rate at which
fibre opticslight travels in straight lines even though lenses and mirrors can deflect it light still travels in a straight line between optical
the effects of back emf on circuit currentin proving the time constant it was stated that at the instant the switch is closed the current i is
time constant in inductorsit is impossible to decide exactly when the maximum point is reached on an exponential curve or when the curve has fallen
inductors in dc circuitsif it is required to increases the value of inductance in a circuit then two or more inductors may be connected in series
inductorscoils which are used for their opposition to current change in a circuit are known as inductors or chokesconstructioninductors with an air
spark suppressionif we consider a circuit with a large inductance possibly one using a magnetic relay at the instant the switch is opened the
coupling factorif all the flux of a primary coil links with all the turns of a secondary then 100 coupling exists sometimes it is more convenient to
faradays lawwhen the magnetic flux through the coil is made to vary an emf is induced in the coil the magnitude of the induced emf is
factors affecting induced emfby experiment the following factors may be notedbullthe faster the magnet or coil is moved the greater is the deflection
magnetic flux and flux densitya magnetising force produces a certain amount of magnetic flux f measured in webers the magnetic field is
the magnetic circuitin an electric circuit a current is established due to the existence of an electromotive force in the same way in a magnetic
magnetic materialsferromagnetic materialsferromagnetic materials can be easily magnetised and exhibit strong magnetic properties this group can be
properties of lines of fluxto make the imaginary lines of flux describe the behaviour of the magnetic field we must give them appropriate
magnetismeveryone has seen and handled a magnet in the form of a straight or horseshoe-shaped bar of steel or steel-alloy the magnet was originally
capacitor constructionfixed capacitorsfixed capacitors usually consist of sheets of metal foil between which is sandwiched the dielectric or
factors affecting capacitancethe factors which affect the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor are overlapping area of the plates a the
capacitanceif we increase the voltage between the plates the charge increases but the ratio of charge to voltage remains the same this ratio
capacitorswhen a voltage is applied to a capacitive circuit there is a change in the electric flux the ease with which this change takes place is a
electrical energyelectrical energy is the ability of an electrical system to do workenergy is expended when work is done and the amount of energy
electrical workelectrical work is done if a quantity of charge coulombs is moved between two points which are at different electrical potentials the
the effects of short circuitsa short circuit is a path for current where a path should not exist the path is generally considered to have a low