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what are the pumping schemespumping schemesa optical pumping through photonsb electrical pumping through electric glow dischargeelectric
what are the main types of lasertypes of lasers are as illustrated belowa solid state lasersb raman laserc semiconductor lasersd dye laserse gaseous
explain about the term pumping in laserpumping in laser is particular criteria to get laser output it is same to pumping well water to the ground
what are the basic requirements of a laserbasic requirement of a laser are as follows1 active mediumactive basic medium is needed to start the laser
determine the einstein relations by upward and downward transitionwhile the system is in equilibrium the upward and downward transition rates should
explain the absorption and emission transitions of a and b coefficients of einsteinassume that n1 and n2 be the number of atoms per unit volume along
illustrate the a and b coefficients of einstein in shortlyeinsteinrsquos a and b coefficientseinstein suggested a mathematical expression for the
define the intensity of the laser in shortintensitya lasers are intense and bright light sources it is due to coherence and directionalityb the
explain about the term spatial coherence of laserspatial coherencethis coherence is a measure of the correlation among the phases of a light wave at
how is temporal coherence key of characteristics of lasertemporal coherencethis coherence is a measure of the correlation among the phases of a light
define term coherence as the characteristics of lasercoherencethe light from a laser is called be highly coherent that implies the waves of laser
what is the directionality of laserdirectionality laser emits light which is highly directional laser light is emitted like a relatively narrow beam
explain about the monochromaticity of lasermonochromaticitythe light emitted through a laser is monochromatic that is this is of one wavelength
what are the characteristics of laser characteristics of laserthe given are the properties of laser that differentiate this from ordinary light asa
what is the stimulated emission define this term brieflystimulated emissiona while photon interacts along with atom that is in the excited state e2
illustrate the c-scan presentation of test specimenc-modethe c-scan presentation gives a plan-type 2d view of the location and size of test specimen
what is the echo of the launched pulseany discontinuity into the medium of propagation of an ultrasonic pulse provides rise to back-reflection that
what are the demerits of the typical ultrasonic flaw detectordemerits of a typical ultrasonic flaw detectora both the sides of the specimen are
what are the merits of typical ultrasonic flaw detectormerits of typical ultrasonic flaw detectora particularly one side of the specimen is needed
describe the working of ultrasonic pulse echo systemthe working of ultrasonic pulse echo systemthe ultrasonic pulse echo system is utilized to detect
explain the basic concept of sonarbasic concept of sonarsonar is based ontpo the echo-sounding technique of ultrasound while an ultrasonic wave is
define the ultrasonic welding applicationsultrasonic welding applicationsultrasonic metal-welding is an advanced technical procedure for combining
what are the ultrasonic cleaning applicationsseveral of the ultrasonic cleaning applications area ultrasonic cleaners into scientific labslab
what is cavitationin terms of ultrasoniccavitation is an effect which is generated into liquids by intensive ultrasonic waves the resulting pressure
define the cleaning effects of innovative proprietary ultrasonic technologyadditionally the pollution particles are dispersed in the cleaning liquid