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end systems are linked together through communication links there are several types of communication links that are made of distinct types of
this is an acronym for transmission control protocol internet protocol this is a collection of applications protocols and services tcpip protocol
application layer in the osi model its the topmost layer which enables the user to access the network for network applications this layer provides
presentation layer while two hosts are communicating with each other they might employ distinct coding standards amp character sets for internally
session layer the major functions of this layer are to establish maintain amp synchronize the interaction among two communication hosts it ensures
transport layer is the first end-to-end layer header of the transport layer has information which helps send the message to the corresponding layer
this layer is responsible for routing a packet in the subnet ie from source to destination nodes across multiple nodes in the similar network or
it is responsible for transmitting a group of bits among the adjacent nodes the group of bits is termed as frame the network layer passes a data unit
physical layer this is concerned with sending raw bits among the source amp destination nodes over a physical medium the source amp destination nodes
an open system is a model which allows any two distinct systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture the reason of the osi
there are two kinds of networking models obtainable osi reference model amp the tcpip network model for the design of computer network system we
usually the term wide area network wan refers to a network that covers a large geographical area and employs communications subnets circuits to link
a man basically bigger versions of a lan is designed to extend over a whole city it can be single network like a cable television network or it
it is a privately - owned computer networks confined to small geographical area like an office or a factory extensively used to connect office pcs to
there are distinct approaches to the classification of computer networks one such classification is depends on the distance approach in this section
the internet is worldwide computer network which interconnects millions of computing devices all through the world mostly devices are pcs and servers
telnet is both a tcpip application amp protocol for linking a local computer to a remote computer it is the internet remote login service telnet
ftp file transfer protocol a standard internet protocol this is the simplest way to exchange files among computers on the internet ftp is an
addresses are necessary for virtually everything we do on the internet in tcpip the ip is a mechanism for providing addresses for computers on the
this unit defines the basic concepts regarding an internet internet is a network of networks where lot of information is obtainable and is meant to
graphical browsersin order to enjoy the multimedia aspect of the web you have to use a graphical browser like netscape navigator or ncsa mosaic
text-only browsersa text-only browser like lynx let you to view web pages without showing art or page structure fundamentally you look at ascii text
a web browser is software program which allows you to easily display web pages amp navigate the web the first graphical browser namely mosaic was
search engines are programs which search the web web is a big graph along with the pages being the nodes amp hyperlinks being the arcs search engines
1 the commands amp characters are sent to the operating system on common server computer2 the local operating system sends these commands amp