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equity the proportion of a companys total assets which are owned outright by the companys owners a companys equity is equivalent to its value less
in neoclassical economics equilibrium exists when supply equals demand for a particular commodity general equilibrium is a special purely
q show the environmental taxesenvironmental taxes taxes which are imposed on particular activities or particular products which are considered to be
q natural environment for economicsenvironment the natural environment is an essential aspect of the economy whose influence is felt in several
q what do you meant by enclosuresenclosures a historic process in britain and other european countries in very early years of capitalism in that
q explain about employment rateemployment rate this measures share of working age adults who are in fact employed in a paying position employment
q describe the theory of effective demand effective demandtheory of effective demand was developed separately in the 1930s by michal kalecki andjohn
q define economies of scaleeconomies of scale most economic production requires producing firm or organization to make an initial investment in real
dividendsseveral companies pay a cash dividend annually orquarterly to the owners of its shares this is an enticement to investors to buy that
q distribution of incomedistributiondistribution of income reflects the process by which real output of services and goods produced by the economy is
discrimination as a result of sexist and racist attitudes and deliberate efforts of employers to oppose groups of workers against each other
discretionary fiscal policy some government taxing and spending programs can be adjusted by government in response to changing economic circumstances
development economic development is the process through that a countrys economy expands and improves in both qualitative and quantitative terms
q what do you meant by derivativesderivatives a derivative is a financial asset whose resale value depends on the value of other financial assets at
depreciation this signifies the loss of value from an existing stock of real capital for an individual company or for whole economy reflecting normal
q explain about demand - constraineddemand-constrained an economy is demand-constrained when level of output and employment is limited by the amount
q define contribution pensionsdefined contribution pensions a pension plan which makes no specified promise about level of pension paid out after
defined benefit pensions a pension plan that pays a specified monetary benefit generally based on a pensioners years of service and their income at
q what do you meant by deficitdeficit when a business government or household spends more in a given period of time than they generate in income they
q what is debt burdendebt burdenreal economic importance of a debt relies on interest rate that should be paid on debt and on total income of
q define debtdebttotal amount of money owed by a company individual or other organization to banks or other lenders is their debt it represents
credit squeezeat times private banks become reluctant to issue new credit andloans frequently because they are worried about risk of default by
q define creditcreditability to purchase something without immediately paying for it - through a credit card or bank loan a mortgage or any other
q explain about counter-cyclical policiescounter-cyclical policiesgovernments may take many different actions to offset ongoing booms and busts of
when a worker is fired orlaid off they experience a significant out-of-pocket cost that cost of job loss relies on how much they were earning in