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imposed budgetsin this approach to budgeting top management prepares a budget with little or no help from operating personnel which is then
human behavior and budgetary controlan important feature of control in business is that control is exercised by managers over people their attitudes
use of budgetary controlsbudgetary controls are used for the following reasons1 to state the objectives of the organization as a whole2 to reveal the
importance of a budgeta budget is a plan expressed in monetary terms it is prepared prior to the budget period and may show income expenses and the
conditions necessary in a control cyclethere are four necessary conditions that must be satisfied before any system can be said to be controlled such
feed-forward control systemfeed-forward control system describes a system in which deviations in the system are anticipated in a forecast of future
feedback control systemfeedback is information about actual achievements or actual results produced within the organization eg management control
budgetary controlscontrol in a business is the process of guiding organization into viable patterns of activity in an environment the main purpose of
transportation problem-solutionsolution of the transportation problemthe fundamental steps of the transportation method arestep 1
transportation model tablea more compact method for representing the transportation model than the linear equations is to use what we call the
application of transportation modelin the direct logic the transportation model looks for the determination of a transportation plan of a particular
transportation modelin the obvious sense the model deals with the determination of a minimum cost plan for transporting a single commodity from a
use of computer systems in linear programmingwhen a computer is to be used for linear programming there are a number of steps1 development of the
advantages and limitations of dynamic programmingadvantages1 in certain types of problems such as inventory control management chemical engineering
dynamic programmingit is an extension which finds solutions to problems involving a number of decisions which have to be made sequentially for
integer programmingit is a technique for solving a linear programming model with an added constraint that the decision variables must only be
extensions to linear programmingin many real situations the solutions to linear programming models make sense only if they have integer values
maximum change in marginal profit or costjust as we did in studying the permissible ranges for changes in resources we are also interested in
status resourceswe had classified constraints as scarce and abundant depending respectively on whether or not the optimum solution consumes the
optimum solutionfrom the stand point of implementing the lp solution the mathematical classification of the variables as basic and non-basic is of no
adjacent extreme points differ in only one variablethe first observation indicates that we can identify the extreme points of the solution space
the simplex methodin the graphical solution the optimum solution is always associated with a corner or extreme point of the solution space the
objective functionalthough the standard lp model can be either the maximization or the minimization type it is sometimes useful to convert one form
variablesunrestricted variable yi can be expressed in terms of two non-negative variables by using the substitutionyi yi - yi yi yi ge 0the
constraints1 a constraint of the type le ge can be converted to an equation by adding a slack variable to subtracting a surplus variable form the