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high level language third generation language the difficulties of low level languages are overcome by high level languages in
assembly languages second generation languageto overcome the difficulty of machine language assembly language was designed
machine language first generation language as we have already discussed that all digital circuits can identify only two states
programming languagesas we have seen the evolution of computer hardware similarly programming languages also have their
supercomputerthe largest fastest and most powerful are called supercomputers supercomputers are mainly used for weather forecasting
mainframescomputers larger than minicomputer more power operating at very high speed called mainframes they can processes 64
in the previous two years a lot of innovation has come in the mobile computing world apple has launched very imaginative mobile phone iphone and ipad
mini computerslarger computer more computing power having capability to address more memory and more
microcontrollermicrocontroller is also known as computer on a chip this includes basic features of microprocessor alu
microcomputer a microprocessor is a general purpose central processing until of a digital computer system it has arithmetic
registers a resister is a group of flip flops or binary cells which holds the binary information since a binary cell
latch a 8 bit latch comprises of transparent latch d flip flop it is commonly used to interface output device with
positive edge triggered d flip flop in this type of d flip flop 7475 shown in figure the output changes with positive
transparent latch d flip flopa typical example of this type of d flop is 7475 shown in figure when clk connected is
d flip flop as we have seen in the sr flip flop when the inputs s r are applied the forbidden or indeterminate state occurs this
sr flip flopthe sr flip flop is an arrangement of logic gates that maintain astable output even after the input are turned
file flops the flip flop is a one storage biteable device the basic bistable device stores a binary of inputs value the flip
decodera decoder is logic circuit that energizes a particular output line for each combination of input signalfig
bi directional buffer 74ls245 this types of bi directional buffer is required for data bus as it has to function as bi directional
buffera buffer is a logic circuit that amplifies the current or power basically it is used change the driving capability of a
tri state devicestri state devices have three states logic 1 logic 0 and high impedance a tri state device buffer inverter
nor gatenor means not or it complements the output of an or gate the symbol of nor gate in fig a shows that a nor
binary division similar to multiplication division can be seen multiple subtractions for example if we have to divide 9
binary multiplicationmultiplication can be seen as multiple additions for example if we have to multiple 4 and 8 we can 8 4 time