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using assertionswhen writing code programmer must state pre- and subtle post conditions for public operations state class invariants and insert
explain the abstract data type assertionsgenerally adt assertions translate into assertions about the data types which implement adts which helps
give example of assertion and abstract data typefor illustration consider natural adt whose carrier set is the set of non-negative integers and whose
assertions and abstract data typeseven though we have defined assertions in terms of programs notion can be extended to abstract data types which are
what is an unreachable code assertion an unreachable code assertion can be placed at the default case if its every executed then program is in an
determine about the unreachable code assertion an unreachable code assertion is an assertion that is placed at a point in a program that shouldnt be
define about the class invarianta class invariant may not be true during execution of a public operation though it should be true between executions
what is class invariants assertiona class invariant is an assertion which should be true of any class instance before and after calls of its exported
determine about the post conditions assertiona post condition is an assertion which should be true at completion of an operation for instance a
preconditions assertiona precondition is an assertion which should be true at the initiation of an operation for instance a square root operation
state in brief about assertionassertion a statement which should be true at a designated point in a
what is assertionsintroductionat every point in a program there are generally constraints on the computational state that should hold for program to
explain in detail about the ruby arraysruby arrays have many interesting and powerful methods besides indexing operations which go well beyond those
explain the arrays in rubyruby arrays are dynamic arrays which expand automatically whenever a value is stored in a location beyond current end of
what are the dynamic arraysdynamic arrays are convenient for programmers since they can never be too small-whenever more space is needed in a dynamic
state the complex reallocation procedure some languages provide arrays whose sizes are established at run-time and can change during execution these
varieties of arraysin some languages size of an array should be established once and for all at program design time and cant change during execution
difference between array and abstract data typesarrays arent abstract data types since their arrangement in the physical memory of a computer is an
determine the importance of arrayarrays are significant since they allow many values to be stored in a single data structure whereas providing very
define the term - array a fixed length ordered collection of values of same type stored in contiguous memory locations collection may be ordered in
ruby implements range of t abstract data typeruby implements range of t adt in its range class elements of carrier set are represented in range
state the range of operation of adtoperations of the range of t adt includes following where a b isin t and r and s are values of range of
illustrate the intervals in mathematicscarrier set of a range of t is the set of all sets of values v isin t such that for some start value s isin t
range a structured type in rubyruby has a numerous structured types comprising arrays hashes sets classes streams and ranges in this section we would
enumerate about the carrier set membersruby is written in c so carrier set members which is individual symbols are implemented as fixed-size arrays