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device drivers in unix ms-dos and windows systemthough device drivers are in effect add-on modules they are however considered to be part of system
a device driver is software interface that manages communication with and control of a particular io device or type of device it is task of device
q benefits of device controllersusing device controllers for attaching io devices to a computer system in place of connecting them directly to system
all components of computer communicate with processor by the system bus which means io devices required to be attached to system bus but io devices
error detection mechanism may include checking mechanical and data communication errors these errors must be reported to processor the illustrations
data buffering is quite helpful for purpose of smoothing out gaps in speed of processor and io devices data buffers are registers that hold io
q how i-o interface communicate with processorthe above illustration clearly specifies need communication between processor and io interface this
q illustrate control and timing signalsthe requirement of io from different io devices by processor is quite unpredictable in fact it relies on io
q what is functions of input - output interfacean io interface is bridge between processor and io devices it controls data exchange between external
the io interface provides a technique for transferring information between external io devices and internal storage peripherals linked to a computer
q what is microcomputer systemthe microcomputer has a single microprocessor and a number of ram and rom chips as well as an interface unit which
q illustrate cache dramcache dram cdram which is developed by mitsubishi integrates a tiny sram cache 16kb on a generic dram chip sram on the cdram
q what is rambus dramrdram which was developed by rambus has been adopted by intel for its pentium and itanium processors it has become main
q explain about synchronous dramone of the most broadly used forms of dram is synchronous dram sdram unlike the conventional dram that is
q fundamental building block of main memorythe fundamental building block of main memory remains dram chip as it has for decades till recently there
q explain about dual in line memory modulesa dimm is capable of delivering 64 data bits right away usual dimm capacities are 64mb and up every dimm
q illustrate single in-line memory modulesfrom early days of semiconductor memory till the early 1990s memory was manufactured brought and installed
in a memory hierarchy system data and programs are first stored in secondary or auxiliary memory program and its related data are brought in main
q illustrate associative memorythe time required to find an item which is stored in memory can be decreased significantly if stored data can be
q major problems associated in writing with cache memoriesthe data in main and cache memory can be written by processors or io devices the major
q show the characteristic of cache memorythe essential characteristic of cache memory is its fast access time so very little or no time should be
q explain cache organisationcache memories are found in nearly all latest computers they are very helpful for increasing speed of access of
q write policy of cache memoryif contents of a block in cache are changed then its essential to write it back to main memory before replacing it
qwhat is replacement policy in cachewhen a new block has to be fetched in cache the other block may have to be replaced to make room for new block
q what is block size of cache memoryblock size block size means unit of data few memory words exchanged between main and cache memory as block size