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sulfur selenium and telluriumthe elements known commonly as the chalcogens are in the same group 16 as oxygen. they form some compounds same to those
oxygenoxygen is the second most electronegative substance after fluorine and forms thermodynamically stable compounds with usually all elements. it
carbon silicon and germaniumwith the valence electron configuration s2p2 the nonmetallic group of elements 14 may form compounds with four
boronthe only nonmetallic element in group 13 boron has a strong tendency to covalent bonding. its lonely complex structural chemistry arises from
hydrogenhydrogen is the natural element in the universe and is a major constituent of stars. it is relatively much less common on earth but
fast reactions are those reactions that occur instantaneously. a fast reaction depends upon the reaction rates. these reactions are so fast that they
the gas constant also known as the universal usually denoted by symbol r is a physical constant which is
properties of ethyl alcoholphysical propertiesit is a colorless liquid with a characteristic alcoholic smell.its boiling point is 351kit is neutral
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbonsthe compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which carbon atoms are linked to each other by single covalent bondsc-c
versatile nature of carbon-catenationthe chemical compounds can be mainly classified into two main categories. these are organic and inorganic.more
carbon an essential constituent of all organic compoundsthe word organic means to organs of both plants and animals and organic chemistry is the
carbon and its compoundscarbon is a typical non-metal present in earths crust to the extent of 002 by mass.all living organisms contain carbon and
soaps and detergentssodium and pottasium salts of fatty acids such as palmitic acid stearic acid oleic acid etc are called soaps while detergents are
ethanol or ethyl alcoholthis is obtained by the fermentation of molasses in the presence of enzymes as catalyst.c12h22o11h2orarrc6h12o6
polarity and salvation a solvent is a liquid medium in which dissolved are known as solutes. solvents are useful for storing species that would
covalent bondpurely electrostatic attractions between ions are nondirectional but with increasing covalent character the directional properties of
ionic radii the experimentally calculated anion-cation distances in highly ionic solids have to be interpreted on the assumption that each and
coordination number and geometry binary compounds are ones with two different elements present. simple crystal structures can be classed as ones
crystals and glasses unlike a complex ion or molecule which is a finite often small assembly of atoms a solid has no fixed shape and size but
x gram of metal reacts with chlorine to form y gram of metal chloride.calculate equivalent mass of
q. explain scale formation and sludge formation in boilers. how are they formed? ansboilers are used for steam generation. when hard water
q. analysis of water gave the following results h2so4 196mgl mgso4 24mgl caso4 272mgl and nacl 25mgl. water is to be supplied to the town of the
q. ca2 20 ppm mg2 25 ppm co2 30 ppm hco-3 150 k 10 ppm. calculate the lime 87 pure and soda 91 pure required softening 1 million litters of
carry over in steam boiler the phenomenon of carrying of water along with impurities by steam is called carry over. this is mainly due to priming and
caustic embrittlement caustic embrittlement is a type of boiler corrosion caused by using highly alkaline water in the boiler. during softening