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electrophilic substitutions reactionselectrophilic substitution includes the attack by an electrophile it is denoted as se s denotes substitution and
types of substitution reactionsaccording to the type of the nature of attacking species substitution reactions are categorized into following three
types of organic reactionsit is suitable to simplify the several reactions of the a variety of classes of organic compound into four types
electrophiles - organic chemistryelectron deficient species or electron acceptor is an electrophile it can be categorized into two types a charged
attacking reagents - organic chemistrythe fission of the substrate molecule to make centres of high or low electron density is affected by attacking
nitrenes - organic chemistry1 the nitrogen analogous of carbenes are termed as nitrenes2 there is probability of two spin structure for nitrenes
benzyne - organic chemistry1 1 2-didehydrobenzene c6h6 and its derivatives are known as benzyne or arynes and the simplest member is benzyne
reaction intermediatesshort lived fragments that are known as reaction intermediates result from homolytic and heterolytic bond fission the
heterolysis bond fission or heterolytici in heterolysis bond the covalent bond is broken in such a way that one species that is less electronegative
homolysis bond fission or homolytici in homolysis bond the covalent bond is broken in such a way that every resulting species gets its own electron
direction of the shift of electron pairthe direction of the shift of electron pair can be decided on the basis of subsequent pointsi while the sets
electromeric effect1 the occurrence of movement of electrons from one atom to other in multi bonded atoms at the demand of attacking reagent is known
structural needs for hyperconjugationi compound could comprise at least one sp2-hybrid carbon of as well alkene alkyl carbocation or alkyl free
hyperconjugative effectwhile a h-c bond is attached to an unsaturated system like double bond or a benzene ring the sigma sigma electrons of the h-c
difference between mesomerism and resonanceeven though both resonance and mesomerism denote similar phenomenon they are different in the following
application of mesomeric effecta low reactivity of vinyl halides and arylb the acidic behavior of carboxylic acidsc basic character comparison of
resonance effect or mesomeric effect1 the effect where electrons are transferred from a multiple bond to a molecule or from a multiple bond to a one
relative strength of the bases basic nature of -nh2the dissimilarity in base strength in several amines can be described on the basis of inductive
electronic displacement in covalent bondsit is examined that most of the attacking reagents all time possess either a positive or a negetive charge
steric effect - organic chemistryon account of the existence of bulkier groups at the reaction centre they makes problem as mechanical interference
bond strength in hydrocarbonsas much shorter is the bond size the greater is the compression among molecules atomic nuclei and therefore greater is
applications of hybridisation - size of the hybrid orbitals as s- orbitals are closer to the nucleus than p- orbitals it is reasonable to suppose
hybridisation in organic compounds1 the method of mixing atomic orbitals to form a set of new equivalent orbitals is known as hybridisation there are
general organic chemistrycarbon is an necessary element of organic substance it has four electrons in its outer most shellas per to the ground state
ortho meta and para1 ortho or 1 2- if the two substituents are on the adjacent carbon atoms the compound is said to be ortho or 1 2-2 meta or 1 3-