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unionsa union is also like a structure except that only single variable in the union is stored in the allocated memory at a time it is a collection
differences between a pointer and a reference1 a reference must always point to some object where as this restriction is not imposed on a
reference typesthe symbol amp is interpreted as an address operator as well as and operator this operator is also used to declare a reference
enumerated constantsenumerated constants enable the creation of new types and then explain variables of these types so that their values are
structuresa structure is a derived data type it is a combination of logically related data items unlike arrays which are a collection of such as data
relationship between an array and pointersconsider the followingint arr 0123456789if we write arr it is considered as the address of the first
pointer arithmeticwe can manipulate the pointers too we can perform operations such as addition subtraction increment and decrement etc as the
pointer typespointer holds the address of an object permitting for the indirect manipulation of that object they are used in creating linked data
multidimensional arrays- every dimension is specified in separate bracketsegint arr43this is a two-dimensional array with 4 as row dimension and 3 as
various ways of initializing the arrays- the for loop initializes 10 elements with the value of their index void main
array typesan array is a collection of objects of a one data type the individual objects are accessed by their position in the array this way of
the goto statementthis statement can be used to branch to another statement of the program this is rarely used as it violates the principle of
the continue statementthe continue statement causes the next iteration of the enclosing loop to start when this is encountered in the loop the rest
the break statementthe break statement which was already covered in the switch case can also be used in the loops when a loop statement is
normal 0 false false false en-in x-none x-none microsoftinternetexplorer4
the for loopfor loop is the controlled form of loop the general format of this for initialize test
looping statementsthe statements usually used for looping are for do-while while the goto statement can be used for looping but its use is generally
the switch constructthe switch statement is a multi-way decision-making construct that tests an expression matches one of a number of constant values
the conditional expression operatoran alternate method to using a simple if-else construct is the conditional expressions operator a conditional
control flowthe control flow statements are used when it is needed that the flow of the program is to be changed after taking some decision this
type castingimplicit type conversions as allowed by the language can lead to errors creeping in the program if care is not taken thus explicit type
mixed mode expressions and implicit type conversionsa mixed mode expression is one in which the operands are not of the similar type in this case the
the size of operatorthis is a pseudo-operator given by the language which returns the number of bytes taken up by a variable or data type the value
precedence and order of evaluationthe languages follow a standard precedence for basic operators precedence rules help in deleting ambiguity of the
the shift operatorsthere are 2 shift operators left shift ltlt and right shift gtgt these are binary operators the format