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functions of kidney -1 excretion of nitrogenous wastes2 maintenance of water balance or
disease concerned with kidney -1 pagets disease - abnormalities of kidney2 uramia - increases in quantity of
control of excretion -1 in brain hypothalamus is osmocentre that controls minerals2 cells of dct amp
mechanism of urine formation -production of urine is uripoisis or diuresis first of all it was explained by kushneynephron separates acidic urine
urinary bladder -pear shaped sac like situated in pelvic region of abdominal cavity ventrally placedlined by transitional epithelum detrusor muscle
uretersfrom hilum of each kidney emerges out a tube wall is thicklumen is star shaped 28 cm long transitional epithelium present in wallopen in to
excretion in prawn-a pair of antennary gland or green gland and a median renal sac presentgreen glands lie at the base of antennae amp open out by
excretion in cockroach-animal is uricotelic excretory organs are malphighian tubules60-150 in 6-8 groups in each group 10-15 yellow coloured blind
excretion in earthworm -main organs are nephredia pharyngeal integumentary amp septed nephrediamain are septal nephredia situated on septanephrostome
excretion in roundworm -in ascaris 4 coelomoducts present attached to each other by canaliculli in front of controling cell ie rennete cellexcretion
excretion in flatworm -main organs are flame cells having bundle of cilliait receives solute and water from surrounding tissue fluid by ultra
excretion in amoeba -nh3 is excreted out through plasmalemmaosmoregulation takes place by contractile vacoule generally one towards posterior end
excretory organsin protozoa through plasmalemma by diffusion contractile vacuole present for osmoregulation absent in parasitic and marine protozoain
excretion in animalto give out nitrogenous waste products after oxidation of food is excretionexcretory materials -1 ammonia
circulatory system in cockroachtype is open or lacunar ie bv absent organs are dipped in haemolymph1 haemolymph -blood and lymph
thymus glandflat bilobed gland located in the mediastinal space in front of heartwell developed in new born child and grows upto puberty but starts
portal circulationwhen a vein branches into set of capillary to distribute blood in some parts such venous circulation is called portal system three
venous systemit is collecting system formed by the uniting branches as smaller and then larger veins and venacava leading to the heartblood from
arterial system of mammalbasic plan from origin to distribution is similar in all vertebrates as per the mode of respirationmain anterior aorta in
blood pressureis the result of the sum of i osmotic colloidal pressure of blood
defects of heart1 blue baby syndrome cyanosis - due to persisting foramen ovalis in atrial septum even after birth the impure
blood clotting -it is a natures device to check the excessive loss of blood from an injurybleeding time is 1-3 minutes clotting time is 2-6
blood groups-in rbc on plasmalemma antigen or agglutinogen present form antibodies or agglutininesblood groups are based on
heart outputthe amount of blood pumped by heart per minute heart beat is 72pump out blood is 70 ml this 72 times 70 5040 ml 5 litres blood is
pulsepulse frequency and heart rate are identical ie 72it can be felt in superficial arteries as in wrist radial artery thumb and ulner artery of