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state four characteristics of an efficient respiratory surfacefour characteristics of an well-organized respiratory surface area thin epitheliumb
the percentage of oxygen absorbed from the air in the lungs is always about the similar so how can the oxygen supply to the blood be enhanced during
in what two ways will the composition of blood coming from the pulmonary artery vary from that going to the pulmonary veinblood in the pulmonary
using the words cilia and mucus describe very briefly how the body gets rid of dust which enters the lungsthe lining of the air passages makes mucus
q can you explain pneumothoraxair in the pleural cavity manifests in a number of ways on the cxr depending on the volume of air and position of the
q atypical distribution of pleural fluidi lamellar effusion these are shallow collections of fluid between the chest wall and the lung surface ii
q how can you describe pleural effusionfluid has a density indistinguishable from soft tissue on a radiograph pleural fluid tends to accumulate in
apart from any inherited tendency towards coronary heart disease what are thought to be the four major risk factors the four major risk factors
briefly describe the principal lines of defence against bacteria entering the blood systema blood clot forms a barrier to entry by bacteria white
q can you explain aneurysm of aortacxr findings are an enlargement of the involved portion of the aorta a focal dilatation may simulate a mass or
describe briefly how platelets fibrin and red cells interact to form a blood clot platelets release a substance which indirectly causes
explain function of lymph nodeslymph nodes have white blood cells which ingest bacteria and prevent them from reaching the
q define dissection of the aorta the cxr may be abnormal in upto 80 per cent of patients the abnormalities includei widened mediastinum this is
how is lymph propelled through the lymphaticssome of the larger lymphatics are capable to contract or else the lymph is propelled by body muscles
what is the connection between tissue fluid plasma and lymph tissue fluid is plasma minus its proteins which has leaked out of the capillaries lymph
qexplain pericardial effusionthe configuration of the heart in pericardial effusion depends on the volume of fluid and its distribution it may have
in which parts of the circulatory system are there valvesthere are valves in the heart between each atrium and ventricle in the aorta and pulmonary
what else is carried in the plasma in addition to proteins plasma having salts ions glucose lipids and amino acids hormones carbon dioxide and
q special situations of pulmonary embolismthe cxr is often abnormal in pulmonary embolism atelectasis and other focal pulmonary parenchymal
where are blood cells made in the bodyblood cells are made in the red bone marrow eg in the ribs sternum or
q what is mitral valve and coronary arterieson the pa view mitral valve calcification is seen just to the left of the spine below the position of the
how do white cells differ from red cells a in their structure b their function a white cells have nuclei red cells do not have nuclei some white
q explain cardiac calcificationpericardial calcium is most dense in the atrioventricular grooves and is seen as thick oblique circles or arcs of
q what is pulmonary venous congestion in pulmonary venous hypertension the earliest change is an increase in calibre of the upper lobe vessels if the
q pulmonary arterial system changes a pulmonary plethorawith increased pulmonary arterial blood flow pulmonary branches are visualized beyond the