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explain in detail about the optic nervethe optic nerve contains more than one million axons that initiate in the ganglion cell layer of the retina
state the layers of retina the retina is coilposed of ten layersa pigmented epithelium outermost layer b neusoepithelium rods and cones
explain about the optic discthe optic disc is also called a blind spot while the macula is referred to as the yellow spot the ora serrata the
describe in brief about retinathe retina is a highly complex layer of nervous tissue the photoreceptors are rods and cones for scotopic and photopic
determine about the nervous tissuesthe nervous tissues throughout the body including the visual nervous system are continuously active electrical
describe about the extra-ocular musclesthe extra-ocular muscles are mainly involved in the maintenance of postural tonicity and performance of quick
define about the pseudosquint pseudo-falsepseudosquint is the condition when despite the visual axis being parallel there appears to be a squint
non-concomitant or paralytic squint this subdivision of manifest squint occurs when there is a deviation of the eye in different directions the
explain in detail about the concomitant squintconcomitant squint is also called comitant squint it means i follow you ie in all directions of gazes
concomitant or non-paralytic squnitthis type of squint usually occurs when there is an obstacle in the sensory pathway of binocular reflex such as
what is manifest squint heterotropiamanifest squint is a deviation of one eye from the normal position when the fusion reflex is present the
state about the latent squint diseaselatent squint is seen commonly as exophoria in infancy and presbyopic age and esophoria in childhood
determine the categories of latent squintlatent squint category there are five subtypes1 esophoria2 exophoria3 hypophoria4
explain the term- latent squint anisophoria or heterophoria this eye condition occurs when the balance of extra-ocular muscles is altered there is a
what are the abnormalities of gaze normal gaze is when visual axes both eyes are parallel in primary gaze when visual axes are not parallel in
laws governing ocular movements herings law of equal innervation states that equal and simultaneous innervation flows from the brain to yoke muscles
state the versions of binocular movementsversions are movements of both eyes in the same directiona dextroversions movements of both eyes tothe right
determine the binocular movementsbinocular movements are those when the relative movements of both eyes are studied together in the directions eg
state the uni-ocular movements in each eye for every movement there is an agonist antagonist and a synergist an agonist is the main muscle that is
what is the axes of fickthe axes of fick show that any eye position can be specified as the amount of rotation around a set of axes fixed in the
define about the listing planelisting proposed that only horizontal movements of the eye are performed around a vertical axis
determine the uni-ocular movementsuni-ocular movements are the movements of one eye studied at a time that means when left eye
explain about the obliques musclesthe superior and inferior oblique muscles form an angle of about 510 with the optical axis the oblique muscles
describe the planes of musclesthe planes of superior and inferior recti in primary position form an angle of about 230 with the y-axis therefore the
state about the recti and oblique muscles the extra-ocular muscles are mainly involved in the maintenance of postural tonicity and performance of