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apparently the untwisting unzipping rezipping and retwisting occur sequentially and ensure that each newly formed double helix is exactly like other
the cell cycle undergoes a sequence of changes which involve a period of growth replication of dna followed by cell division this sequence of
homologous seriesa homologous series can be illustrated as a group of compounds in which the several members have similar structural features and
bile pigments exist in both the animal and plant kingdoms and are building by breakdown of the cyclic tetrapyrrole structure of heme in the animals
in animals some of bacteria and fungi and the first step in tetrapyrrole synthesis is the condensation of the amino acid glycine with succinyl
a haem british english or heme american english is a prosthetic group which having of an iron ion contained in the middle of a huge heterocyclic
there is no store for nitrogen-having compounds as there is for carbohydrate glycogen or lipids triacylglycerol thus nitrogen ingested in
the urea cycle which is also known as the ornithine cycle is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in several animals which produces urea nh22co
microorganisms and plants can synthesize all of the 20 standard amino acids mammals furthermore cannot synthesize all 20 and must obtain some of them
all tissues have some capability for synthesis of the non-essential amino acid remodeling amino acids and conversion of non-amino acid carbon
glutamine synthetase catalyzes the incorporation of ammonia into glutamine and deriving energy from the hydrolysis of atp this enzyme is named a
the next step in the nitrogen cycle is the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen in the type of ammonia into organic nitrogen-having compounds total
the nitrogenase complex is extremely sensitive to inactivation by o2 so the enzyme must be
nitrogen is needed mostly for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides sources of nitrogen can be obtain from organic as well as inorganic
thus animals store surplus carbohydrate as glycogen plants do so in form of starch starch is producing in the stroma of chloroplasts and stored there
many of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced by the calvin cycle in chloroplasts is exported to the cytosol and used to produce the disaccharide
cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis using two photosystems as in green plants furthermore other photosynthetic bacteria like as the purple
sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules chlorophyll is a porphyrin in that nitrogen atoms are coordinated to a magnesium ion instance for
photosynthesis happens in algae green plants and photosynthetic bacteria its part is to catch solar energy and use this to drive the synthesis of
photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to change the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy which can be
all of the electron carrier in the electron transport chain interact according to their redox potentials every time whereas an electron transfers
in eukaryotes the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria these processes
many of the free energy free during the oxidation of glucose to co2 is retained in the decreasing coenzymes nadh and fadh2 producing while glycolysis
the intermediates in the cycle give precursors for various biosynthetic pathways an instance is as given below- from citrate synthesis of fatty
each of the three nadh molecules formed per turn of the cycle yields 3 atps and the one fadh2 yields 2 atps by oxidative phosphorylation whereas some