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A person has antibodies against the measles virus. Identify three ways in which these antibodies could be acquired.
A patient consulted a physician for symptoms that included a swollen toe, a red streak along his ankle, and enlarged lymph nodes in his groin. Explain the cause of these symptoms.
Antibiotics can kill gram-negative bacteria, but symptoms of fever and low blood pressure can persist. Why? Why is diagnosis of botulism difficult?
A person has antibodies against the measles virus. Identify three ways in which these antibodies could be acquired. Describe the production of antibodies using the clonal selection theory.
Characterize the differences among untreated, primary-treated, and secondary-treated sewage and compare and explain the effects of dumping each type on the eutrophication of a pond and a fast-moving
Injections of TC cells completely removed all Hepatitis B viruses from infected mice, but the injections killed only 5% of the infected liver cells. Explain how TC cells cured the mice.
Describe how the clonal expansion theory explains the more rapid production of antigen specific antibodies, Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells, during a secondary infection.
In HIV patient how does readiness compare to non readiness affect HIV treatment adherence and prevent HIV drug resistance?
Why is the small intestine called the "small" intestine when it is actually much larger than the large intestine for frogs? What is the texture of the inner lining of stomach of a frog?
No animal is able to digest cellulose. Reconcile this statement with the fact that many animals are herbivores that depend heavily on cellulose as a food source. Be specific in your discussion.
Photosynthesis in plants is two processes: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Compare the light reactions to the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.
There is no product D being formed when substrate A is added. Adding product B does not correct the problem, but adding product C does. Where does the problem in the biochemical pathway lie?
Phenolphthalein has a color change over the pH range of 8.2 to 10.0; methyl orange has a color change over the pH range of 3.2 to 4.4 although the phenolphthalein indicator is commonly used for neu
Starting with the Michaelis-Menten equation given on the first page, answer the following questions: a) Write out the Michaelis-Menten model for an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? How does the ripening of fruit affect the process of seed dispersal?
What is the effect of increasing concentration on the internal resistance of a primary cell?
Discuss the three major species of Staphylococcus. Explain why one of them is more pathogenic compared to the other two species. Which factor determines the pathogenesis of the organisms?
Explain what is meant by "indicator" organisms when testing a water sample. What are the media used to determine the presence of the indicator organisms?
In the Most Probable Number table, what is the significance of the 95% confidence limits in relation to the MPN index/100 ml? What is the public health significance of coliform-contaminated water?
What is the bacteriologic standard for potable water? Why is bacteriologic analysis of water directed at recognition of coliforms and enterococci rather than isolation of pathogenic bacteria?
From what specimen type would S. saprophyticusmost likely be isolated? What is a nosocomial infection? Who acquires it? Why?
Differentiate the microscopic morphology of staphylococci and streptococci as seen by Gram stain. What are the two types of staphylococcal coagulase?
Why is it necessary to wear clean, protective clothing when caring for a patient? Why should hair be kept clean and out of the way when caring for patients?
In what areas of the hospital must the numbers of microorganisms in the environment be strictly reduced to the minimum?