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What does bottleneck mean? What was the likely cause of the bottleneck in domesticated species?
Which of the following microbial pathogens does not target host cell E-cadherin during invasion? a) Bacteroides fragilis b) Listeria monocytogenes c) Candida albicans d) Salmonella enterica
Infections by Listeria exhibit strict species-specifity because a) Cytoskeleton polymerization involves different molecules in different species b) Target cells have gained resistance in some species
Outline the evidence that all non Africans are descended from migrants who left Africa less than a hundred thousand years ago.
Question 1: Discuss the genomic organisation of HIV and the elements contained that affect viral transcription. Question 2: Compare and contrast DNA and RNA viruses' capsid structure and assembly, pro
Question 1: What type of animal virus is the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and what family does it belong to? Question 2: What unique feature characterises an infectious HCV viral particle?
Question 1: How does an Influenza virus particle reach its site of entry on a target cell? Question 2: Briefly describe the events preparing the Influenza envelop for membrane fusion.
Question 1: State two advantages and two disadvantages associated with a high mutation rate for a virus? Question 2: Briefly explain how this unique feature affects the processes of HCV entry and exit
Question 1: What are the main evolutionary pressures selecting for a small virus genome size in prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses? Question 2: With regards to the genome size, which type of viruses
Question 1: Describe an experiment that could be used to demonstrate that a probiotic strain of E. coli can compete for the same niche in the mouse intestine as that of a pathogenic strain. Questio
Question 1: Describe the usual characteristics of a ‘pathogenicity island' Question 2: What is unusual about the genes found with the Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island 2 (VPI2) compared
Question 1: Identify two alternative molecular mechanisms that allow a single bacterium to become resistant to antibiotics.
Imagine a fimbrial adhesin has been identified that is unique to a pathogen and essential to cause disease. What aspects of fimbriae or fimbrial synthesis would you target to develop a novel anti
Question 1: What is the impact of kin structure on the foraging behaviour of animals in groups?
Question 1: Why do both the RR and Rr genotype produce round peas? Explain. Question 2: We call some traits dominant and others recessive and in class we related this to their respective alleles. Ex
Question 1: What oocyte is found at each stage of follicle development?
Question 1: List and discuss different forms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Question 2: Which of the phenotypes would you designate as a mutant for hermaphroditc gametophytes?
Explain the process of egg activation after fertilization.
Why should we expect deleterious alleles to be more common in domesticated rather than wild-type animals? Describe several possible reasons.
Dynein motor proteins use ATP energy to: a) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction. b) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a minus-to-plus dire
Question 1: Describe the complexities of working with an alarm pheromone secreted by a prey species after attack in a terrestrial system? Question 2: Make a graph showing data that supports the gree
Question 1: Describe a way in which the trpL gene could be mutated to produce a trp operon that exhibits constitutive attenuation of transcription. Question 2: How many ATP equivalents will be obtai
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of Chlorophyta? a- They have cell walls. b- They have unusual red pigmentations. c- They are used as salts in some cultures. d- They photosynthesize a
What is the purpose of flagella? a- Allows the cell to remain free from movement b- Assists in the process of phagocytosis c- Locomotiond- Reproduction e- None of the above
Which of the following begins with the incorporation of fMet? 1- Translation 2- Transcription 3- Capping 4- DNA replication 5- Light repair