Assignment task: A 66-year-old woman complains of leakage of urine during coughing, sneezing, laughing, or squatting down.
1. Explain the source of this woman's problem.
2. One of the recommended treatments for stress incontinence is the use of Kegel exercises, which focus on strengthening the muscles of the pelvic floor. Explain how these exercises contribute to the control of urine leakage in females with stress incontinence.
3. A 54-year-old man, seen by his physician for an elevated blood pressure, was found to have a serum creatinine of 2.5 and BUN of 30. He complains that he has been urinating more frequently than usual, and his first morning specimen reveals dilute urine with a specific gravity of 1.010. Explain the elevated serum creatinine & BUN in terms of renal function.