Why do nausea and vomiting occur after cancer therapy


Assignment

Part I:

o Which cancers originate from connective tissue?

o Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

o What are characteristics of cancer in situ?

o Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of what abnormal physiology?

o What are tumor cell markers? What is the purpose of tumor cell markers?

o What is apoptosis?

o What are oncogenes?

o Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?

o How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

o What are characteristics of benign tumors?

o What is the major virus involved in cervical cancer?

o Which of the viruses are oncogenic DNA viruses?

o Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation? How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?

o A pathology report stages a tumor as T2, N1, M0. What is the meaning of this finding?

o Why do nausea and vomiting occur after cancer therapy?

o Which cytokine is involved in producing cachexia syndrome?

o Normally, which cells, are considered immortal (never die)?

o What are the common routes for distant metastasis?

Part II: Cancer Epidemiology

o Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, breast, uterus, and kidney?

o What substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking?

o Which diagnostic tests provide the greatest exposure to ionizing radiation?

o Tobacco smoking is associated with which cancers?

o What are the most important risk factors associated with the development of skin melanoma?

o Which environmental factors has been shown to have the greatest effect on the frequency of genetic mutations in humans?

o Research data support the relationship between ultraviolet sunlight exposure and the development of which cancers?

o Alcohol consumption has been proven to be a consistent risk factor in the development of which of the major cancers?

Part III: Cancer in Children

o What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?

o When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed?

o Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can result in which cancer?

o What percentage of children with cancer can be cured?

o Most childhood cancers arise from which tissue?

o Chronic myelogenous leukemia, retinoblastoma, and osteosarcoma are associated with which genetic factors in childhood cancers?

o Childhood exposure to which risk factors increases susceptibility to cancer?

o There are research data to support a carcinogenic relationship in children resulting from exposure to which virus?

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