Assignment task:
Respond to the two posting below. In 200 words each and 4 references.
Peer Response
Instructions:
Please read and respond to at least two of your peers' initial postings. You may want to consider the following questions in your responses to your peers:
- Compare and contrast your initial posting with those of your peers.
- How are they similar or how are they different?
- What information can you add that would help support the responses of your peers?
- Ask your peers a question for clarification about their post.
- What most interests you about their responses? Looking for Assignment Help?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
SR,
Depression is a common and significant concern among LGBTQI adults, but particularly among LGBTQI youth. Depressive episodes can stem from discrimination, stigma, and lack of support related to their gender identity.
Individuals that have experienced abuse, trauma, or other stressful events are at risk of developing depression (National Institute of Mental Health, 2024). Depression is linked to increased health care costs and other health conditions like heart disease and diabetes; it is also a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (National Institute of Mental Health, 2024).
Economic costs related to depression are high. The total economic burden of adults with Major Depressive Disorder in 2019 was estimated at $333.7 billion (Greenberg et al., 2023).
Assessment tools include Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Scale-The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. The inventory contains 21 self-report items which individuals complete using multiple choice response formats, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.
Treatment for depression includes both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. SSRI's are common first line pharmacologic treatments for their efficacy and low side effect profile.
SSRI mechanism of action selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake at the presynaptic neuron, increasing synaptic serotonin levels (Edinoff et al., 2021). Common side effects for SSRI's include nausea, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, headache, gastrointestinal upset, anxiety, and restlessness. Contraindications for use are known hypersensitivity to SSRIs, recent MAOI use (due to risk of serotonin syndrome), and untreated hyponatremia (Edinoff et al., 2021). Important kinetic considerations, variable absorption rates between different SSRIs, long half-lives leading to potential for withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt discontinuation (Edinoff et al., 2021).
The plan of care for a patient presenting with depression includes an SSRI in conjunction with psychotherapy such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a structured therapy that focuses on teaching four core skills (mindfulness, acceptance & distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness (Dialectical Behavior Therapy, 2022).
References:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy. (2022). DBT : Dialectical Behavior Therapy - Skills, Worksheets, & Videos. DBT.
Edinoff, A. N., Akuly, H. A., Hanna, T. A., Ochoa, C. O., Patti, S. J., Ghaffar, Y. A., Kaye, A. D., Viswanath, O., Urits, I., Boyer, A. G., Cornett, E. M., & Kaye, A. M. (2021). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review. Neurology International, 13(3), 387-401.
Greenberg, P. E., Chitnis, A. S., Louie, D., Suthoff, E., Chen, S. Y., Maitland, J., Gagnon-Sanschagrin, P., Fournier, A.-A., & Kessler, R. C. (2023). The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019). Advances in Therapy, 40(10), 4460-4479.
National Institute Of Mental Health. (2024, March). Depression. National Institute of Mental Health.
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The National Child Traumatic Stress Network has released a two-part resource that urges all care providers and organizations to utilize a screener to evaluate for post-traumatic stress symptoms and trauma exposure when working with LGBTQ+ youth (Menhinick& Sanders, 2023). The justification for this is that LGBTQ+ youth are disproportionately exposed to a variety of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in comparison to their cisgender, heterosexual peers (Menhinick& Sanders, 2023). As a result, these adverse and potentially traumatic experiences are associated with an elevated risk of a variety of mental and physical health issues, including depression, addiction, homelessness, and suicidality, as well as an elevated risk of utilizing desperate coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse and risky sexual behavior (Menhinick& Sanders, 2023).
Compared to individuals with a heterosexual identity, lesbian, homosexual, and bisexual identities have been linked to increased victimization throughout their lives, including incidents of sexual and physical assault and child abuse (U.S. Department of. Veterans Affair, 2022). In reality, LGBTQ+ individuals are nearly four times more likely to be subjected to violent assault (including larceny, sexual assault, and aggravated or fundamental assault) than their heterosexual, cisgender counterparts (U.S. Department of. Veterans Affair, 2022).
The Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) are self-report scales that are employed in the screening process for PTSD (Kaur Mann et al., 2024). Additionally, the Clinician-Administers PTSD scale is accessible as a structured interview consisting of thirty items (Kaur Mann et al., 2024). The treatment of choice for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is trauma-focused psychotherapy (Kaur Mann et al., 2024). It encompasses cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure-based therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR). FDA-approved treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like paroxetine and sertraline (Kaur Mann et al., 2024). Other selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and SSRIs are viable off-label alternatives (Kaur Mann et al., 2024). Collaborative interventions, including trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), should be incorporated into a comprehensive care plan.
References:
Kaur Mann, S., Marwaha, R., & Torrico, T. J. (2024). Posttraumatic stress disorder. StatPearls.
Menhinick, K. A., & Sanders, C. J. (2023). Lgbtq+ stress, trauma, time, and care. Pastoral Psychology, 72(3), 367-384.
U.S. Department of. Veterans Affair. (2022, April 24). PTSD: national center for ptsd.