Which of the following statements concerning financial risk is false?
a. Generically, financial risk is related to the probability of a return that is less than expected.
b. If the returns on two investments move in unison (are perfectly positively correlated), combining the two into a portfolio will lower risk.
c. If the returns on two investments move in unison (are perfectly positively correlated), combining the two into a portfolio will not affect risk.
d. In the real world, it is not possible to create a riskless portfolio because all investment returns, to a greater or lesser extent, move with the overall economy.
e. Assume you know for certain that an investment will return negative 10 percent. (In other words, the probability of a negative 10 percent return is 100 percent.) Although the expected return is negative, the investment is riskless.