Which of the following did NOT characterize the phenomenon of the early crusades?
a. The church in Rome bore the primary financial burden for individual crusades
b. Muslims viewed the crusades as a pattern of conquest extending from north to south and west to east across and around the Mediterranean
c. Rich crusaders went on pilgrimages to acquire wealth and territory
d. Italian merchant-communities supported the early crusades, even though some of them disrupted the delicate tolerance that had existed between Christians and Muslims in crusader states