Which of the following behaviors is classified as an initiating structure behavior?
a. Setting goals and providing incentives for the effort and productivity of employees
b. Mixing with employees, stressing informal interactions, and exchanging personal services
c. Encouraging a pleasant atmosphere, reducing conflict, and promoting individual adjustment to the group
d. Expressing approval or disapproval of the behaviors of employees
e. Acting on behalf of the group, defending the group, and advancing the interests of the group