Problem
In the article "Developmental Influences and Gang Awareness among Black Inner City Youth", Cadwallader and Cairns state that among inner-city African American youth "precocious familiarity with gang activity is a marker for early exposure to deviant subculture" and that "fourth grade students who named more than four gangs identified themselves as being highly aggressive." What should families, schools and neighborhoods do to protect pre-teens from the influence of gangs and dissuade them from joining? Explain your answer in detail.