Problem: The textbook (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2023) doesn't do great job of explaining expectancy theory. It's one of the most useful approaches to motivation, so I like to provide a little bit more information about it here.
Expectancy theory holds that three conditions determine the extent to which an employee is motivated. First, the employee must believe that effort will lead to performance (expectancy). Second, the employee must believe that performance will lead to a reward (instrumentality). Finally, the reward must be of value to the employee (valence). That is illustrated in the diagram below (Hoffman-Miller, 2019).
In your industry or one you know well, what non-monetary, performance-based (instrumentality) rewards could be offered to employees that they would value (valence)?
Please include citations I mean an in-text citation and a reference list.