Lab Assignment: LTE Frames, Slots and Resource Grid
Objectives
1. To understand LTE frames, slots and resource grid
2. To understand and apply the principles of frequency and time coordinate system
3. To calculate data rate based on resource allocation
4. To implement OFDM transmission with specific LTE resource grid
Introduction
In lab, you have explored and worked on various aspects of OFDM transmission through the predefined Simulink model. In the model, there is a Symbol Generator block that randomly generates a series of 16-QAM symbols. In LTE framework, prior to OFDM modulation, physical channels and signals in LTE are assigned to different portion of the resource grid. In this lab, you will explore and apply some important concepts in LTE physical layers, i.e LTE Frames, Slots and Resource Grid.
Experiment 1: Understanding LTE Frequency and Time Representation
First, we look at the time domain of LTE transmission. There are some terminologies that you need to get familiar with. They are radio frame, subframe, slot and OFDM symbols, as illustrated in Figure 1. In the time domain, each radio frame, that forms the basic sequence of transmission, has the length of 10ms. Each frame consists of 10 subframes (1ms length each). Each subframe is further composed of two slots (0.5ms length each). Each slot consists of either seven or six OFDM symbols based on a normal or an extended cyclic prefix.
igure 1 LTE frame structure [1]
In the frequency domain, OFDM is regarded as a multicarrier transmission system and the spacing between two consecutive carriers is defined as 15 kHz in LTE. The bandwidth of the transmission corresponds directly to the number of the carriers.
As shown in Figure 2, the frequency and time representation of placing symbols is the key to understand the operation of LTE. The transmitted symbols are explicitly mapped to different portion of the two-dimension representation, which consists of a subcarrier axis (frequency) and a OFDM symbol axis (time). This coordinate system is called resource grid. Some additional terminologies that you need to understand are resource element and resource block. A resource element is one transmitted symbol placed at the intersection of an OFDM symbol and a subcarrier. A resource block contains data symbols placed within 12 subcarriers in frequency axis and one 0.5ms slot in the time axis.
Figure 2 LTE Time-frequency coordinate [1]
Start Matlab, and in the command window, type the following commands to display a typical transmitted resource grid
enb = lteTestModel('3.2','1.4MHz'); [txwave,txgrid,info]
= lteTestModelTool(enb); figure('Color','w');
helperPlotTransmitResourceGrid(enb,txgrid);
Task 1: Based on the resource grid displayed and assuming normal cyclic prefix, answer the following questions and describe how you arrived at the solutions:
• What is the transmission time of this LTE signal?
• What is the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this LTE signal?
• How many slots and radio frames displayed in the figure?
• How many resource elements and resource blocks displayed in the figure? How many resource blocks per 0.5m slot displayed in the figure?
Task 2: In the command window, type the following commands (5MHz physical channel parameter) to display a typical transmitted resource grid and answer the above questions again.
enb = lteTestModel('3.2','5MHz');
[txwave,txgrid,info] = lteTestModelTool(enb);
figure('Color','w');
helperPlotTransmitResourceGrid(enb,txgrid);
Experiment 2: Data Rate Estimation
Task 1: Referring to Table 1 and assuming 64-QAM modulation and one spatial stream, calculate the maximum data rate for the channel parameters of 1.4MHz. Describe how the calculation is performed. Note that not all symbols placed on the resource grid are data, there are also control signals. However for simplicity of illustrating the concept, in this exercise, we consider that resource grid contains data symbols only. Two intermediate steps to consider is as follows
• How many bits per data symbol?
• How many symbols (or resource element) per second?
Task 2: In addition, calculate the maximum data rate for the channel parameters of 5MHz. Describe how the calculation is performed.
Table 1 LTE downlink physical layer parameters
|
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
|
Sample Frequency (MHz)
|
FFT Size
|
Subcarriers (excl. DC sub-carrier)
|
# of resource block (per slot)
|
|
1.4
|
1.92
|
128
|
72
|
6
|
|
3
|
3.84
|
256
|
144
|
12
|
|
5
|
7.68
|
512
|
300
|
25
|
|
10
|
15.36
|
1024
|
600
|
50
|
|
15
|
23.04
|
1536
|
900
|
75
|
|
20
|
30.72
|
2048
|
1200
|
100
|
Experiment 3: Implementing Resource Grid with OFDM Transmission with Normal Cyclic Prefix
In this exercise, you will implement OFDM transmission with LTE specific resource grid. The Simulink file is Simple_Resource_Grid_Start_2016.slx. The Simulink blocks that you need implement/modify are the Symbol Generator, Channel, Add Cyclic Prefix and Remove Cyclic Prefix. Sample codes for three blocks have been given to you for your reference.
Task1:
• In Channel block, enter 6 (LTE fading channel) to the parameter Channel Selection and enter relevant sampling frequency in reference with Table 1.
• To implement resource grid which has 1 radio frame, LTE 1.4MHz parameters (FFT length and sample frequency according to Table 1) and 64 QAM.
o In the Bernoulli Binary Generator Block within Symbol Generator Block, verify that
? Samples per frame is entered as nOFDMSym*nSubCar*6 o In the Rectangular QAM Block within Symbol Generator Block Block, verify that
? M-ary number is entered as 64
? Click View Constellation button to observe the transmitting constellation diagram o What are nOFDMSym and nSubCar based on the specifications? Edit the variables nOFDMSym and nSubCar in the Matlab Workspace accordingly.
Figure 3 Bernoulli Binary Generator Parameters
Figure 4 Rectangular QAM Block Parameters
• Verify the FFT length of the IFFT block o FFT Length is entered as 128
• Run the simulation model in which Cyclic Prefix functions are not implemented, and record the results for future comparisons.
• To implement Add Cyclic Prefix function accordingly.
o How many CP samples are needed? And note that in each slot, 1st CP and remaining CP have different lengths in time in reference to Figure
1.
o How many samples of the entire radio frame are required? To implement Remove Cyclic Prefix block accordingly.
Run the Simulink model and you shall observe first 12 subcarrier plots. And you need to have key results, Matlab codes and figures presented in your lab report.
Task 2:
• To implement resource grid which has 2 radio frame, LTE 5MHz parameters (FFT length and sample frequency according to Table 1) and 64 QAM.
• To modify FFT length of the IFFT block.
• To modify Sample Rate of the Channel block.
• To implement Add Cyclic Prefix function accordingly.
• To implement Remove Cyclic Prefix block accordingly.
Run the Simulink model and you shall observe first 12 subcarrier plots. And you need to have key results, Matlab codes and figures presented in your lab report.
Attachment:- Simple_Resource_Grid_Start_2016.rar