1. One reason GUIs were initially slow to be adopted was the cost of the hardware need- ed to support them. How much video RAM is needed to support a 25-line ´ 80-row character monochrome text screen? How much for a 1200 ´ 900-pixel 24-bit color bit- map? What was the cost of this RAM at 1980 prices ($5/KB)? How much is it now?
2. There are several design goals in building an operating system, for example, resource utilization, timeliness, robustness, and so on. Give an example of two design goals that may contradict one another.
3. What is the difference between kernel and user mode? Explain how having two distinct modes aids in designing an operating system.