Question: A certain country has four regions: North, East, South, and West. The populations of these regions are 3 million, 4 million, 5 million, and 8 million, respectively. There are 4 cities in the North, 3 in the East, 2 in the South, and there is only 1 city in the West. Each person in the country lives in exactly one of these cities.
(a) What is the average size of a city in the country? (This is the arithmetic mean of the populations of the cities, and is also the expected value of the population of a city chosen uniformly at random.) Hint: Give the cities names (labels).
(b) Show that without further information it is impossible to find the variance of the population of a city chosen uniformly at random. That is, the variance depends on how the people within each region are allocated between the cities in that region.
(c) A region of the country is chosen uniformly at random, and then a city within that region is chosen uniformly at random. What is the expected population size of this randomly chosen city?
(d) Explain intuitively why the answer to (c) is larger than the answer to (a).