What are the critical differences between the rational and the Carnegie approaches to decision making? What are the critical differences between the incrementalist and the garbage-can models? Which models best describe how decision making takes place in (a) a fast-food restaurant and (b) the research and development laboratory of a major drug company? 2. What is organizational learning? In what ways can managers promote the devel- opment of organizational learning by acting at various levels in the organization? By using knowledge management? 3. How can knowledge management promote organizational learning? What deter- mines which kind of knowledge management system a company should adopt? 4. How do cognitive biases affect organizational learning and the quality of decision making? What can be done to reduce their negative impact?