The N-bit D/A converter with an R-2R ladder network in Figure is to be designed as a 6-bit D/A device. Let VREF =-5.0 V and R = RF = 5.0 k.
(a) What are currents I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, and I6?
(b) The input changes by 1 LSB. What is the change in the output voltage?
(c) What is the output voltage if the input is 010011?
(d) What is the change in output voltage if the input changes from 101010 to 010101?