A 5-server queueing system was formerly organized with multiple lines-one per server. Jockeying (I.e. line-hopping) was not permitted. A reorganization of the queueing system has resulted in a single common queue feeding all 5 servers. We expect the new queuing system to exhibit reduced mean cycle time because
(a) there is no idleness when there is a queue.
(b) the new system allows server application.
(c) service-time variability has decreased.
(d) capacity has increased.