Understand the central paradigmatic relations


Assignment Objectives:

A) Understand the central paradigmatic relations between words and be able to apply them in analysis.

B) Be aware of the significance of collocation in text and be able to identify some collocational relationships (AKA syntagmatic relationships).

C) Be able to analyze idioms in terms of their three key characteristics.

D) Be able to discuss the identification of metaphor in text.

Assignment Problem 1: What are the paradigmatic relations between the following groups of words?

Assignment Problem 2: Consider these questions about the following text:

1) What paradigmatic relations can you identify?

2) Find the word 'ecosystems' in the second paragraph. Identify some hyponyms of this term in the following few lines.

3) What is the relationship between 'land' and 'ocean' in the fourth paragraph?

4) What is the relationship throughout the text between 'scientists' and 'researchers'?

Assignment Problem 3: The following utterances were produced by a native speaker of English aged 30 months. The grammar and phonology are clearly not adult-like, but we are not concerned with that now. Are there any problems with lexical meaning?

The following sentences were written by an intermediate learner of English. They seem to be grammatically correct, yet they do not sound natural. Why is this?

Assignment Problem 4: To what extent are the following idioms semantically opaque?

Assignment Problem 5: Read the first paragraph of a story written for young people ('Oblivion' by Anthony Horowitz) and guess what might have gone in the blanks:

It was the week before my sixteenth ____ _______ when the boy fell out of the door and everything changed. Is that a good start? Miss Keyland, who taught me at the village____ _____, used to say that you had to reach out and grab the reader with the first sentence. If you waste time with descriptions of the sky of weather or the smell of freshly cut ____ ______or whatever, people may not bother to read on, and I've got a big story to tell. In fact, it's the biggest story in the____ ____. The end of the ___ ____... and stories don't get any bigger than____ _____.

Maybe that's where I should have begun. All these different things were happening in Britain, in America, in the Middle -- ----- and, of course, in Antarctica. That's where the armies were heading. There was going to be this huge battle in which the future of everything and everyone would be decided. And I didn't even know anything about it. I didn't even realize how horrible everything had become.

Assignment Problem 6:

A) Identify some metaphors in the following text.

B) Anthony Joshua shows power of a true champion against Povetkin.

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