Trading arrangements:
From this statement, it can be inferred that, if a court held that a company acted in a particular instance as an agent of its holding company, the veil of incorporation would have been lifted. This is illustrated by the decision in Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co v Llewellin (12) in which it was held, on the basis of the trading arrangements between the holding company and its subsidiary, that the subsidiary was the agent of the holding company.