A pneumatic cylinder like the one shown in Fig. 4.59 is used to push a box on an automated packaging machine. It will be plumbed into the existing compressed air supply in the plant that provides 60 psig. To extend the cylinder, air is supplied to the "cap end;: pushing on the full face of the piston. To retract, air is supplied to the "rod end" pushing on the piston, except for where the rod attaches. Calculate the force available to extend and to retract the cylinder if the piston bore has a diameter of 3 in and the diameter of the rod is 7 /8 in.
