The United States armed forces were officially desegregated a. in 1897, during the Spanish-American war, in order to encourage enlistment and build up the military faster b. during World War I, by a special act of Congress, in response to the pressures of the Progressive Movement c. shortly after World War II, as the result of an executive order by President Harry S. Truman d. in 1963, by the Department of Defense, in response to the Civil Rights movement