The scenario: The benefits manager of a large organization that “self-insures” 50,000 employees, dependents and retirees is requesting for advice about creating alternative health benefit options. At this time, the beneficiaries are enrolled in a PPO administered by a commercial insurer. The benefits manager has requested that you prepare a paper that identifies and evaluates at least three “managed care” options (aka an HMO - see the textbook for others) . These can be offered (on either a voluntary or mandatory basis) to enrollees. Please discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each option from both a cost savings and “quality” perspective. Where possible, use information from the literature to weight the pros and cons of each approach.