Question: Suppose the vertices of a graph represent cities in a certain region and an edge joining two vertices indicates that there is a direct (nonstop) flight between those two cities. Geographers define the beta index of a graph as the ratio of the number of edges to the number of vertices, and view this number as a measure of connectivity of the region. Highly developed countries have high beta indices; poorly developed countries have low beta indices. Find the beta index of each of the following graphs.
