Suppose a lake has a layer of ice 11 cm thick on its surface. The top of the ice layer is cooled by the atmosphere to -5.25° C. The lower surface is in contact with water at 0.0° C. The thermal conductivity of ice is 0.004 cal/(s · cm · C°).
(a) At what rate is heat transferred through a 1.5 cm2 area of the ice?
(b) How long will it take to freeze an additional 1.1 mm of ice onto the lower surface of the ice?