Problem:
Richard Elmore agrees with Sabatier and Mazmanian that policies are often vague, contradictory and lacking any appreciation for how they'll be implemented. And yet: he has a diametrically opposed approach to addressing "the implementation dilemma." a. Summarize Elmore's "Bottom-Up" approach to implementation. (Your answer might consider the following questions) i. According to Elmore, what are the two critically flawed assumptions of the Top-Down Approach? ii. How do these problematic assumptions undermine effective policy implementation? How is too much oversight and control a problematic thing? iii. Elmore's preferred "Bottom-Up" or "Backward Mapping" Approach turns implementation on its head in a way. Explain that. How does he recast the traditional "Principal-Agent" relationship?