Saturated steam at a pressure of 0.1 bar is condensed over a square array of 100 tubes each of diameter 8 mm.
(a) If the tube surfaces are maintained at 27°C, estimate the condensation rate per unit tube length.
(b) Subject to the requirement that the total number of tubes and the tube diameter are fixed at 100 and 8 mm, respectively, what options are available for increasing the condensation rate? Assess these options quantitatively.