Q1. State the general functions of the kidney and the urinary system. Know the organs, general function of each organ, and if the organ is paired.
Q2. Understand the regions of the kidney and what structures are located in each region. For example, the renal pyramids are located in the medulla and nephrons are located in the cortex.
Q3. What are the urine collecting structures in the kidney, starting with the minor calyces and ending with the ureter?
Q4. What are the three basic renal functions? Provide a basic definition for each function.
Q5. Know that the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. What are four main regions of the nephron (renal corpuscle, PCT, nephron loop, DCT)? Know the associated blood vessels as well (afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, vasa recta/peritubular capillaries)
Q6. What is the function of the nephron loop in a juxtamedullary nephron? How does this relate to the formation of concentrated or dilute urine?
Q7. How does the RAAS/RAAM system maintain long-term control of blood volume and blood pressure? What hormone is secreted when the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects low NaCl in filtrate?
Q8. How does the presence of antidiuretic hormone affect the concentration and volume of urine when we are dehydrated?
Q9. How do the kidneys support the respiratory system in regulating acid base balance in the blood?
Q10. Describe the normal composition of urine. What substances should not be found in urine and what could the substances presence mean? For example, glucose in the urine could indicate an individual has diabetes mellitus.
Q11. What is micturition? Understand that micturition involves both contraction and relaxation of muscle.