In our discussion of expert systems (ESs) we saw that the increased use of ES technology in professional ?elds has generated some ethical and social concerns.
Answer each of the following questions:
- Some ethical controversies surrounding ES have to do with critical decisions, including life and death decisions; for example, should "expert doctors" be allowed to make decisions that could directly result in the death of, or cause serious harm to, a patient?
- If so, who is ultimately responsible for the ES's decision?
- Is the hospital that owns the particular ES responsible?
- Should the knowledge engineer who designed the ES be held responsible?
- Or is the ES itself responsible?