Problem: The replacement of democratically elected municipal officials with state-appointed emergency managers was a significant factor in the Flint water crisis. n Flint, Michigan, the financial emergency led to the appointment of emergency managers by the state government. These managers were given broad powers to make decisions without the usual checks and balances provided by elected officials. The decision to switch Flint's water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint River was made under the authority of these emergency managers. This switch was intended as a cost-saving measure but was executed without adequate consideration of the water treatment needs and the potential health impacts.